Carmine (cochineal extract)

Carmine / cochineal extract: red dye derived from crushed cochineal insects; can trigger severe allergic reactions including anaphylaxis in sensitive individuals; not suitable for vegans or those with insect allergies.

• carmine
• cochineal
• carminic acid
• natural red 4
• e120
• crimson lake

No bans or restrictions are recorded for this ingredient in the jurisdictions clearlabel tracks (US, EU, UK, Canada, Japan, Australia/NZ, Brazil).

Carmine, also called cochineal extract or Natural Red 4, is a deep red coloring made from the dried bodies of cochineal insects. It has been used for centuries and gives a rich, stable red to foods, drinks, and cosmetics. Because it comes from insects, it is not suitable for vegans and often not considered vegetarian.

The main documented concern is allergic reaction. Case reports and studies in the medical literature have linked carmine to hives, asthma, and in rare cases anaphylaxis, particularly in people with repeated exposure. Because of these reports, the FDA issued a rule in 2009 requiring cochineal extract and carmine to be declared by name on US labels rather than hidden under 'color added' or 'artificial color'. It is a naturally derived color, not a petroleum dye, and for most people it poses no known problem. Clear Label flags it at medium severity mainly because of the allergy risk for sensitive individuals and because some people avoid it for dietary or religious reasons.

• Red and pink yogurts
• Fruit juices and drinks
• Candy and ice cream
• Some processed meats and surimi
• Certain alcoholic drinks like some aperitifs
• Lipstick and other cosmetics

Since 2009 US labels must list it as 'carmine' or 'cochineal extract' by name. In the EU it appears as E120. Older or imported products may still use vaguer wording, so an unexplained natural red color is worth a second look.

Some people choose products colored with beet juice, radish, or other plant-based reds, which are common in vegan and allergen-conscious brands. Checking for the words carmine, cochineal, or E120 is usually enough to tell the difference.

• FDA: color additives and cochineal extract labeling

fda.gov